|
Discrimination Against Women In The World ==Gender discrimination== Gender based discrimination against female children is pervasive across the world. It is seen in all the strata of society and manifests in various forms.〔Study on “DISCRIMINATION OF THE GIRL CHILD IN UTTAR PRADESH” Conducted by Social Action Forum for Manav Adhikar New Delhi〕 As per the literature, female child has been treated inferior to male child and this is deeply engraved in the mind of the female child. Some argue that due to this inferior treatment the females fail to understand their rights. This is more predominant in India as well as other lesser developed countries. Sex selection of the before birth and neglect of the female child after birth, in childhood and, during the teenage years has outnumbered males to females in India and also in countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh and South Korea.〔 There are 1029 women per 1000 men in North America〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://en.worldstat.info/North_America )〕 and 1076 women per 1000 men in Europe,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://en.worldstat.info/Europe )〕 but there are only 927 women per 1000 men in India.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://en.worldstat.info/Asia/India )〕 These numbers tell us quite a harsh story about neglect and mistreatment of the female child in India. Women have a biological advantage over men for longevity and survival, yet there are more men than women.〔T.V.Sekher and Neelambar Hatti, Discrimination of Female Children in Modern India: from Conception through Childhood〕〔〔Gender and cooperative conflicts (chapter 8) Amartya Sen〕 The figures above support that gender discrimination of female child is a basic facility area. Though the demographic characteristics do not show much or in some cases, anti-female bias, there is always a woman who receives a small piece of the pie. There are two main inequalities as pointed out by Amartya Sen: educational inequality and health inequality. These are the indicators of a woman’s status of welfare. In India irrespective of the caste, creed, religion and social status, the overall status of a woman is lower than men and therefore a male child is preferred over a female child. A male child is considered a blessing and his birth is celebrated as opposed to a female child where her birth is not celebrated and is considered more of a burden.〔 Therefore, education and health care of the female child in India is an important social indicator to measure equality between men and women. According to the 2001 Indian census, overall male-female ratio was 927 females per 1000 males. However, the 2011 Indian census shows that there are 914 females per 1000 males. During the last decade the number female children to male children in the youngest age group fell from 945 per 1000 males to 927 per 1000 males.〔Census of India 2011: Where are the girl-children?〕 As per the data available there seems to be gender disparity depending on the location, as the Northern states(particularly Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh) seem to be more biased then the Southern states. The sharpest decline for the age group of zero to six years is observed in the Northern States particularly in Punjab (793 per 1000 females) and Haryana (820 per 1000 females).〔Amartya Sen, MANY FACES OF GENDER INEQUALITY (Volume 18 - Issue 22, Oct. 27 - Nov. 09, 2001)〕 These new figures point out that the use of new technology contributes to the gender composition. Furthermore, the availability of and access to new technologies provides new ways for parent to achieve such goals of sex determination before birth.〔 Due to the widespread use of this technology the Indian Government banned the sex determination before birth.〔 In spite of these bans imposed by the Government, the law is not widely followed, see sex-selective-abortion. A social development report presented in 2010 to the World Bank and UNDP, found that the time a female child and a male child spends on various activities is similar, with the exception of domestic work and social/resting time; a female child spends nearly three forth of an hour more on domestic work than a male child and therefore lesser hours of social activity/resting than boys.〔Ngwira N, Kamchedzera G, Semu L. Malawi: Strategic Country Gender Assessment (SCGA) Vol 1: Main Report. June 2003, The World Bank. URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTAFRREGTOPGENDER/Resources/MalawiSCGA.pdf Accessed February 5, 2011〕 Despite progress in advancing gender equity from a legal standpoint, in practice many women and female children still lack opportunities, and support for the socio-economic advancement.〔. The Malawi Project, Inc.: Children. http://www.malawiproject.org/about-malawi/children/. Accessed February 6, 2011〕〔Center for Disease Control: Healthy Youth! Physical Activity. Page Last Modified May 10, 2010.http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/physicalactivity/facts.htm. Accessed February 6, 2011〕 Historically, the inclusion of young girls and women in education has helped challenge gender stereotypes and discrimination.〔Strategy for girl child education for the state of (Pradesh ) (http://www.cgg.gov.i/StrategyforGirlChildEducationforthestateofAP.pdf)〕 This suggests that providing space for young girls to develop leadership skills, through education and healthy living is important. This can shape attitudes towards women's capabilities as leaders and decision makers especially in conventionally male domains and male dominated cultures. Because of the sex preference of male children in India, female children are deemed of resources in the areas of health and education. Though the government in India has launched schemes with great fanfare, the most powerful officials in the country continue to treat educated women as a second class citizens who do not even have the right to their hard earned money. A brilliant single woman Obc engineer from a top engineering college has her retirement savings of twenty years stolen by powerful officials allegedly in intelligence agencies without a court order and not a single government official has helped her till date despite filing RTI request. 〔http://pfn.in〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Discrimination against girls in India」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|